Understanding Opioid Overdoses

Understanding Opioid Overdoses Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Understanding Opioid Overdoses By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P facebook twitter linkedin Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Learn about our editorial policy Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Adam Young / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery When people think of opiates they tend to think of heroin, but opiates consist of several different medications besides heroin. Demerol, morphine, Norco, codeine, Oxycontin, and Vicodin are all opiates or opioids. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, more precisely, opiates describe those drugs that are made directly from the poppy plant, and opioids are synthetically produced. For each of these opiates, overdoses cause death the same way.   Opiates (such as heroin, morphine, and Demerol) are sedatives known for being very strong pain relievers. In high doses, opiates decrease a persons ability to breathe. When someone overdoses on heroin or any of the prescription opioids, their speech becomes slurred, their reaction time decreases, their gait (walking) becomes unstable, and in the worst cases, their breathing gets shallow and slow. Eventually, breathing will stop completely. Opiates also cause constriction of the pupils (meaning the black circle in the middle of the eye gets very small). Paramedics regularly respond to heroin overdoses where the patient is unconscious, wont respond to any shaking or shouting, isnt breathing and has pinpoint pupils. In most cases, the patient still has a pulse. Indeed, people who overdose on opioids can survive for several minutes without breathing. Naloxone (Narcan) Paramedics carry a medication called naloxone that is the perfect antidote for opiate overdoses. How It Works Naloxone is an opiate antagonist, which means it essentially blocks opiates from affecting the brain and actually kicks out the opiates that are already there. When you give naloxone to a patient who has overdosed on opiates, they usually start breathing and wake right up. Its amazing to anyone who sees it for the first time. Naloxone is such an incredible antidote to opioid overdoses that its use is growing. In some places around the country, police officers are carrying naloxone to treat opioid overdose without having to wait for paramedics. Naloxone is even being handed out at some needle exchange programs. How Safe Injection Sites Work Avoiding Overdoses If you have a friend or family member taking any type of opioid medication for pain, make sure they follow their prescription and talk to the doctor before increasing the amount they are taking. This includes taking extra opiate medications when wearing pain patches. Pain patches are often also delivering opioid medications. Any combination of opioids can lead to an overdose. Opioid Addiction Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Opioids can be highly addictive, which means even though you could have started taking them as a way to control pain, their use can get out of control. Also, they can feel less effective as time goes by. That loss of effectiveness (called building a tolerance) leads to higher and higher dosages in an effort to get the original feeling. At some point, its possible to overdose while chasing  the feeling. Overdoses can also be from a desire to get a strong, one-time feeling or even as an intentional attempt to harm yourself. If a family member taking an opioid medication becomes unconscious and you cannot wake him or her, call 911. If you have naloxone, dont be afraid to use it. How to Help Someone If They Overdose on Opioids